Abstract

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are crucial fields of study in understanding drug behavior in the human body. Pharmacodynamics investigates the effects of drugs on the body, while pharmacokinetics explores the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs. Bridging these two disciplines from bench research to clinical application is essential for the development of safe, effective therapies. This review aims to explore the advancements in pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic models, how they are used to predict drug responses, and the challenges in translating preclinical findings to clinical practice. Emphasizing the integration of laboratory data with clinical observations, the paper highlights the importance of personalized medicine and the role of modern technologies, such as bioinformatics and pharmacogenomics, in enhancing drug development and optimizing therapeutic strategies