Abstract

Preterm infants encounter diverse, significant health challenges spanning neurodevelopmental, respiratory, gastrointestinal, car
diovascular, and ocular systems. This includes cognitive and motor deficits, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis,
retinopathy of prematurity, and various brain injuries like intraventricular hemorrhage. Sepsis and chronic lung disease also pose
major risks. Advances in early identification, through neuroimaging and biomarkers, coupled with neuroprotective strategies, surgi
cal interventions, and comprehensive long-term management, are crucial. The goal is to mitigate chronic complications and optimize
the developmental trajectories and overall well-being of these vulnerable infants.