Abstract

HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) levels in the blood can generally be improved with regular aerobic exercise, in particular. Exercise enhances HDL functionality, antioxidants, and cholesterol efflux in addition to raising HDL-C levels. However, middle-aged women must determine the ideal exercise intensity and frequency in order to increase HDL quantity and quality. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of exercise intensity, frequency, and duration on HDL quantity and quality in middle-aged women; There were three groups of participants: a group that is sedentary (group 1), a group that is middle-intensity (group 2), and a group that is high-intensity (group 3). The only anthropometric parameters that did not differ between the groups were blood pressure, muscle mass, and handgrip strength. HDL-C and apolipoprotein (apo)A-I levels in the blood were noticeably elevated in group 3 to 17% and 12%, respectively, despite the lack of a difference in serum total cholesterol (TC). Depending on the intensity of the exercise, the exercise groups saw significant reductions in serum LDL-C, glucose, triglycerides, and the apo-B/ apoA-I ratio; Group 3 had lower levels of LDL-C, glucose, and triglycerides (TG) by 13%, 10%, and 45% than group 1. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in the hepatic and muscle damage parameters were significantly lower in the exercise groups. However, the three groups had comparable levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and -glutamyl transferase (-GTP). LDL showed the slowest electromobility and a distinct band intensity when compared to the sedentary group (group 1) in the exercise groups (groups 2 and 3), while the TG content in group 3 was 23% lower than in group 1, and the particle size in LDL increased by 1.5 times (p 0.001). The HDL2 exercise group (group 3) had 2.1 times more particles and 1.5 times more TC than group 1 (p 0.001). The exercise group also had significantly higher antioxidant capacity, paraoxonase (PON) activity, and ferric ion reduction capacity (FRA). Group 3's HDL3 particle size was 1.2 times larger than that of group 1, and the TG was 45 percent lower than that of group 1. HDL2 and HDL3 apoA-I expression, PON activity, and FRA were all elevated with increasing exercise intensity (p 0.001). Final outcomes show that middle-aged women who exercise regularly have higher levels of HDL-C and apoA-I in their blood, as well as higher levels of HDL quality and functionality, TC content, particle size, and antioxidant capacity. Regular, intensity-dependent exercise may enhance the anti-atherogenic properties of lipoproteins by reducing TG and oxidized products in LDL and HDL.