Abstract

In humans, intrathecal access is a common clinical procedure. Intrathecal implantation is not a common surgical procedure, and intrathecal access is only used for drug administration in rodents. We effectively used various intrathecal implantation surgical techniques for various implant materials in animals in preclinical settings. However, choosing the best intrathecal implantation technique can be difficult for surgeons because it involves a number of processes, including preoperative assessments and after care. The purpose of this review is to identify, evaluate, and contrast the most widely used recorded surgical techniques for intrathecal implantation in rodents, as well as the related side effects, while emphasizing the most important preoperative and postoperative factors. Overall, this review will give surgeons an understanding of the intrathecal implantation principles that apply to various implant materials.

In comparison to the INBONE II ankle implant, there have been noticeable improvements in the kinematic functions, particularly in internal-external rotation and inversion-eversion, and in the load distribution between the medial and lateral contacts. In terms of restoring internal-external rotation and balancing the medial and lateral contact forces, the design of anatomic ankle implants with the medial peak higher than the lateral peak performed better. For the anatomic ankle implant with a medial border that is higher than a lateral border, the kinematics and loads were not sensitive to the height difference. Anatomic ankle implants should be taken into consideration in future implant design and surgical techniques since their anatomic articular surface design can improve tibiotalar joint kinematics and loading.