Abstract

Endocrine disorders, including diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, and adrenal insufficiencies, pose significant challenges in global healthcare. Emerging pharmacological strategies are revolutionizing treatment approaches by targeting specific hormonal pathways and receptors. Advances in precision medicine, biologics, and small-molecule drugs have led to improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects. Novel drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles and gene therapy, further enhance targeted treatment options. This review explores the latest breakthroughs in endocrine pharmacology, focusing on innovative therapeutic strategies, their mechanisms of action, and future perspectives in managing endocrine disorders effectively.