Abstract

Endothelial dysfunction is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This review explores how the renin-angiotensin axis, oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, and hyperglycaemia contribute to endothelial impairment. The interaction of these factors leads to increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, which induce vasodilation and further exacerbate endothelial damage. Additionally, autoimmune responses are discussed as another significant contributor to endothelial dysfunction. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapies to mitigate endothelial impairment and its associated complications.