Abstract

The kidney maintains crucial homeostatic balance through complex regulatory mechanisms involving electrolyte transport, water reabsorption, and acid-base control. Key players include the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 kinase cascade, aquaporins, and epithelial Na+ channels, all vital for fluid balance and blood pressure. Phosphate and calcium handling are meticulously regulated by transporters and factors like FGF23 and klotho. Cellular components such as primary cilia and mitochondrial metabolism underpin renal function, while solute carriers facilitate diverse transport. Extracellular vesicles represent a new paradigm for intercellular communication. Dysregulation in these pathways frequently leads to various kidney diseases, highlighting critical targets for therapeutic intervention