Abstract

Catalysis plays a pivotal role in modern organic synthesis by enabling efficient, selective, and sustainable chemical transformations. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts are employed to enhance reaction rates and improve yields without being consumed in the process. Catalysis is essential for reducing reaction times, energy consumption, and waste production, aligning with the goals of green chemistry. This article reviews major catalytic strategies, including transition-metal catalysis, organocatalysis, and biocatalysis, and explores their applications in complex molecule construction, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemical synthesis.