Abstract

This research highlights the pervasive influence of thermodynamics across biological systems and advanced physical sciences. It examines computational and calorimetric methods for dissecting molecular interactions, protein stability, and drug binding, informing rational drug design and biopharmaceutical development. The role of thermodynamics extends to understanding disease mechanisms, including cancer progression and drug resistance, and optimizing vaccine stability. Additionally, emerging concepts in quantum thermodynamics are explored for nanoscale energy conversion. These studies collectively showcase thermodynamics as an essential framework for scientific understanding and technological innovation.