Abstract

Cervical Intra-epithelial Neoplasia (CIN) represents a spectrum of precancerous lesions arising from the cervical epithelium, primarily associated with persistent infection by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes. This comprehensive review explores the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic modalities, and management strategies of CIN. The complex interplay between viral factors, host immune response, and environmental influences is examined to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the development and progression of CIN. Various screening methods, including cytology, HPV testing, and colposcopy, are critically evaluated for their efficacy in early detection and risk stratification. The evolving landscape of HPV vaccination and its impact on CIN incidence is also discussed, emphasizing the potential for primary prevention.

Furthermore, the classification systems for CIN, such as the Bethesda system and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) grading, are reviewed to provide a comprehensive understanding of lesion severity and aid in clinical decision-making. The significance of biomarkers and molecular testing in refining CIN risk stratification is explored, offering insights into personalized approaches for patient management. The review addresses the challenges associated with overdiagnosis and overtreatment, emphasizing the need for precision medicine in CIN care.