Abstract

Innate immunity represents the body’s immediate and non-specific defense mechanism against invading pathogens. Unlike adaptive immunity, which develops over time, innate immunity provides rapid protection through a variety of cellular and molecular components such as physical barriers, phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, and soluble factors like cytokines. This article explores the fundamental mechanisms of innate immunity, including pathogen recognition through pattern recognition receptors, activation of inflammatory pathways, and the elimination of infectious agents. Understanding the critical role of innate immunity not only reveals how the body fights infections instantly but also highlights its importance in shaping adaptive immune responses and maintaining overall health.