Abstract

Pulmonary emphysema is a chronic and progressive respiratory condition characterized by the irreversible destruction of lung tissue and the development of abnormally enlarged air sacs, known as alveoli. This abstract provides an overview of pulmonary emphysema, exploring its primary causes, common symptoms, and available management strategies. Pulmonary emphysema primarily results from long-term exposure to irritants, most notably cigarette smoke. Inhalation of these irritants triggers inflammation, which leads to the breakdown of the lung's elastic fibers and the eventual destruction of alveoli. Genetic factors, such as alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, can also contribute to the development of emphysema. Emphysema often manifests with a range of debilitating respiratory symptoms. Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity, is a hallmark sign. Other common symptoms include chronic cough, wheezing, and excessive mucus production. As the disease progresses, individuals may experience weight loss, fatigue, and decreased tolerance for exercise.pulmonary emphysema is a chronic lung condition with significant implications for patients' respiratory health. Understanding its causes, recognizing its symptoms, and implementing appropriate management strategies are vital for improving the lives of those affected by this debilitating disease. Early intervention, especially smoking cessation, plays a pivotal role in slowing its progression and enhancing patients' long-term outcomes.