Abstract

Innate immunity constitutes the frontline defense mechanism against invading pathogens. It encompasses physical barriers, phagocytes, natural killer cells, the complement system, inflammatory responses, and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that collectively detect and neutralize potential threats. This immediate and nonspecific defense mechanism plays a pivotal role in protecting the host from infections, bridging the gap to adaptive immunity, and maintaining tissue homeostasis. However, it faces challenges from pathogens that evolve to evade detection, prompting co-evolution between the immune system and infectious agents. A deeper understanding of innate immunity is vital for improving our capacity to combat infections and bolster our overall immune responses.