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Effects of Fertilizer, Rhizobium Inoculation and Lime Rate on Growth and Yields Field Pea in Horro and Gedo Highlands

Tolera Abera1* and Zerihun Abebe2
1Natural Resources Management Research Process, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopia
2Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Bako Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 186, Bako, Oromia, Ethiopia
*Corresponding Author: Tolera Abera, Natural Resources Management Research Process, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), P.O. Box 382, Ambo, West Showa, Oromia, Ethiopia, Tel: +251 911942997, Email: thawwii@yahoo.com

Received: 08-Aug-2018 / Accepted Date: 10-Sep-2018 / Published Date: 20-Sep-2018 DOI: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000397

Keywords: Rhizobium strain; Field pea; Lime rate; Fertilizer

Introduction

Food security is becoming or is already of paramount concern in Ethiopia. Population pressure and land degradation are major problems which go in tandem and must be threatened crop production [1,2]. Drechsel et al. [3] soil nutrient depletion is considered as the biophysical root cause of declining per capita food production in sub- Saharan Africa. Smallholder agricultural production has remained consistently low and food security is very low [4]. In developing countries, continuous cultivation with inappropriate farming practices has resulted in severe depletion of nutrients and soil organic matter that seriously threatened agricultural productivity [5]. Rao et al. [6] soil acidity and associated infertility and mineral toxicities are major constraints to agricultural production in several parts of the world. Sakala et al. [7] acidic tropical soils, which have generally been considered marginal for food crop production, represent the largest block of potentially arable land in the world. Kang and Juo [8] increased soil acidity may lead to reduced yields, poor nodulation of legumes and stunted root growth. Soil acidity has been shown to constrain productivity in cropping based agriculture, resulting in reduced plant biomass and lower crop yields [9]. Soil acidity constrains symbiotic N2-fixation [10], limiting rhizobium survival and persistence in soils and reducing nodulation [11], and causes nutrient imbalance [12]. Soil acidity affects the availability of nutrients within the soil and plants have different nutrient needs.

Field pea (Pisum sativum) is the second cool season food legume widely produced in Ethiopia [13]. Since soils in the highlands of Horro and Gedo highlands are ranged from moderate to strongly acidic [14,15]. Field pea produces best on soils, which are neutral or slightly acidic. The desirable pH range for best growth of field pea is in the soils having pH 5.5 to 6.7 [16]. Soil acidity problem has increasingly grown in its scope and intensity and need for urgent solution to minimize its adverse impact in field pea production. Increasing the inputs of nutrients has played a major role in increasing the supply of food to a continually growing world population [17]. The use of NP fertilizer, rhizobium inoculation and lime as ameliorants of soil acidity for the highly weathered soils of the sub-humid tropics offers a viable option. Legume nodules formation with symbiotic partners was stressed by soil pH, water stress, salinity, temperature and heavy metals [18]. Wood et al. [19] indicates that multiplication of rhizobium in the rhizosphere and nodulation were inhibited at pH 4.3 for trifolium. Applications of strains improved early nodulation and increased grain yield [20]. Optimum growth of leguminous plants is usually dependent on symbiotic relationships with N2-fixing bacteria [21]. Rhizobium inoculation of legumes usually stimulates plant growth through effects on nodulation and N2 fixation. FAO [22] acid soils place major difficulties for agricultural use but can be very productive if lime and nutrients are constantly applied and appropriate soil management is practiced. Acid soils can be made productive by applying lime in different parts of the world [23]. Lime application to soils most often causes a significant increase in pH and, thus, a change in microbial biomass [24], microbial dynamic and diversity [25]. However, the contribution of lime with different rhizobium strain and fertilizer rate on nodulation and grain yield of field pea in Horro and Gedo highlands had not been determined. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effect of fertilizer, rhizobium strain and lime rate and their interaction on nodulation and grain yield of field pea in the area.

Materials and Methods

The experiment was conducted in Horro and Gedo highlands during the 2007 and 2008 cropping seasons. Horro lies between 9°34'N latitude and 37°06'E longitude at an altitude of 2400 meter above sea level. Mean annual rainfall of 1,695 mm [26]. It has a cool humid climate with the mean minimum, mean maximum, and average air temperatures of 8.15, 15.72 and 11.94°C, respectively. Gedo lies between 9°03'N latitude and 37°26'E longitude at an altitude of 2400 meter above sea level receiving mean annual rainfall of 1,026 mm [26]. It has a cool humid climate with the mean minimum, mean maximum, and average air temperatures of 8.51, 18.48 and 13.49°C, respectively. The soil in both sites is Nitisols [27] and the properties are indicated in Table 1.

Soil Horro Gedo
pH (H2O) 5.2 5.7
Total N (%) 0.343 0.36
O C 3.272 4.44
C:N (%) 10 12
Available P (ppm) 5 14.8
K (Meq 100 gm Soil-1) 0.74 3.95
Texture Clay Clay loam

Table 1: Soil properties of the experimental site.

The experiment was laid in Randomized Complete Block Design in factorial arrangement with three replications. The factorial arrangement were fertilizer rate as factor A, rhizobium inoculation as factor B and lime rate as factor C. Three levels of fertilizer rates were; 13.5/15, 18/20 and 22.5/25 kg NP ha-1. Rhizobium inoculation consisted of: without inoculation and with inoculation (10 g kg of seed-1). Lime rates included; 0, 2, 4 and 6 t CaCO3 ha-1, respectively. The field pea varieties used was Tegegnech. The source of fertilizer was Diammonium phosphate. The weighed rate of fertilizer was applied at time of planting. Rhizobium strains (EAL-300) was used at the rate of 10 g per 1 kg seed, and then pelleted with sugar to insure attachment of the inoculants with seed. Lime was weighed and applied to each plot three weeks ahead of seeding field pea and incorporated to soil in 2007 and the residual effect was used in 2008. The recommended seed rate used was 150 kg ha-1. The plot size used was 4 m × 4 m. All cultural practices were done as per the available research recommendation for field pea production.

The soil pH was measured with digital pH meter potentiometrically in the supernatant suspension of 1:2.5 soils to distilled water ratio. Organic carbon was determined following wet digestion methods as described by Walkley and Black [28] whereas kjeldahl procedure was used for the determination of total nitrogen (N) as described by Jackson [29]. The available phosphorus (P) was measured by Olsen method as described by Olsen et al. [30] and available potassium (K) was measured by flame photometry.

Plant data collected included: nodule plant-1 at early pod setting; plant height; pods plant-1 seeds pod-1; 1000 seed weight and seed yields kg ha-1 at right maturity of the crop. Seed yield were harvested from the net plot. The harvested seed yield was adjusted to 10% moisture level according to Biru [31]. The adjusted seed yield at 10% moisture level per plot was converted to seed yield as kilogram per hectare. Thousand seeds were counted from the bulked seed and adjusted to a 10% moisture level from the net plot. The counted seed was weighed to get thousand seed weight. The data analysis was carried out using statistical packages and procedures of SAS computer software [32]. Mean separation was done using least significance difference (LSD) procedure at 5% probability level [33].

Results and Discussion

Location and cropping season

Plant height, seed pods-1 and grain yield of field pea were significantly affected by location (Table 2) indicating the difference between two locations with soil fertility and climatic factors. Plant height, seeds pod-1 and 1000 seed weight were significantly influenced by cropping seasons indicating variation of climatic factors across different seasons. Similarly, Khan et al. [34] yearly yield difference may have been the results of temperature and rainfall distribution occurred during growing season. The result agrees with Hebblethwaite et al. [35] on faba bean. Seed yields were averaged 2153 kg ha-1. At Horro mean seed yield was 1693 kg ha-1 but were higher 2217 kg ha-1 in 2007 compared to 2008 that was lower by 89%. At Gedo seed yields were averaged 2612 kg ha-1, but were higher 3099 kg ha-1 in 2008 compared to 2007 that was higher by 46%. Thus, considering both locations differently is mostly very important for field pea production.

Sources of Variation

Mean square

DF Number of Nodule Plant-1 Plant Height Pods Plant-1 Seeds pod-1 1000 Seed Weight Grain Yield
Location 1 222.46 48908.65** 18.2391 10.7882** 2524.425* 60743244**
Year 1 9.582158 7832.038** 8.4013 41.975** 6169.651** 106756.3
NP rate 2 181.132463 237.3499 16.9074 0.464331 324.009 535724.8
Rhizobium inoculation 1 148.818453 61.67276 0.002974 2.743781 8.677918 86067.86
Lime rate 3 481.523951 7.52976 3.35003 0.586982 126.4003 336178.4
NP rate × Rhizobium inoculation 2 234.660285 157.9469 1.461866 0.468475 105.2089 93111.92
NP rate × Lime rate 6 126.838461 176.0411 5.935735 0.715125 270.0392 229449.6
 Rhizobium inoculation × Lime rate 3 177.16667 231.71392 9.137191 1.055493 437.2857 455238.7
NP rate × Rhizobium inoculation × Lime rate 6 248.592884 121.16698 17.4216* 1.152425 220.0181 199336.9
Error 260 262.17224 201.377 7.755006 0.841381 414.8745 341983.8
CV (%)   10.52 11.58 32.38 18.66 10.09 27.18

Table 2: Mean square of number of nodules Plant-1 plant height, number of pods Plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, 1000 seed weight and grain yield of field pea due to varieties and management practices across years and location at Horro and Gedo, Ethiopia. *Significant at 5% level of probability, **significant at 1 and 5% probability level.

Effects of NP yield and yield components

All above and below ground parameters of field pea were nonsignificantly affected by application of NP fertilizer rates except mean seed yields at Horro and Gedo which were significantly affected (Tables 3-5). Number of nodules plant-1 at Horro and plant height at both location of field pea was non-significantly with applied rates of NP fertilizer rates at Horro highlands (Table 2). This indicates the fertility status of Horro field was very low and need higher NP fertilizer rates as compared to Gedo Highlands for faba bean production. Brkic et al. [36] reported low doses of applied nitrogen had favorable effects on nodulation and nitrogen fixation.

Treatment Number of Nodule Plant-1 Plant Height (cm) Pods Plant-1 
  Horro Gedo Mean Horro Gedo Mean Horro Gedo Mean
NP kg ha-1
75 13 15 13 107 135 107 9 9 9
100 17 15 17 109 136 107 9 9 9
125 17 11 17 112 136 112 8 8 8
LSD (5%) Ns 1.262 NS Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns
Rhizobium Inoculation
0 15 13 14 110 136 110 8 9 9
10 16 15 16 109 135 109 8 9 9
LSD (5%) Ns 1.0304 1.3207 Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns
Lime rate t ha-1
0 20 16 18 111 134 123 9 8 8
2 16 13 14 108 137 124 8 9 9
4 13 15 14 109 137 123 8 9 8
6 13 11 12 110 136 123 9 9 9
LSD (5%) Ns 1.4572 1.8678 Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns
CV (%) 24.31 22.64 11.55 12.69 9.1 11.55 22.3 28.26 27.31

Table 3: Effects of NP rate, rhizobium inoculation and lime rate on number of nodule Plant-1, and plant height of field pea at Horro and Gedo highlands. Ns=Non-significant at 5% probability level.

Treatment Seeds pod-1 Thousand Seed Weight
Horro Gedo Mean Horro Gedo Mean
NP kg ha-1
75 5 5 5 199 206 202
100 5 5 5 201 206 203
125 5 5 5 197 202 200
LSD (5%) Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns
Rhizobium Inoculation
0 5 5 5 199 205 202
10 5 5 5 199 205 202
LSD (5%) Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns
Lime rate t ha-1
0 5 5 5 196 206 201
2 5 5 5 195 206 201
4 5 5 5 197 207 202
6 5 5 5 207 206 204
LSD (5%) Ns Ns Ns 7.0638 NS Ns
CV (%) 15.85 19.65 18.63 7.61 7.77 10.08

Table 4: Effects of NP rate, rhizobium inoculation and lime rate on pods Plant-1, seeds pod-1 and thousand seed weight of field pea at Horro and Gedo highlands. Ns=Non-significant at 5% probability level.

Treatment Horro Gedo Mean
2007 2008 Mean 2007 2008 mean
NP kg ha-1
75 2089 1023 1556 2018 3172 2595 2076
100 2277 1153 1715 2039 3074 2606 2161
125 2285 1333 1809 2218 3050 2634 2221
LSD (5%) 74.683 57.892 71.852 82.32 97.777 NS Ns
Rhizobium Inoculation
0 2220 1172 1696 2178 3114 2646 2171
10 2214 1167 1691 2072 3083 2578 2134
LSD (5%) Ns Ns Ns 67.21 Ns NS Ns
Lime Rate t ha-1
0 2013 1017 1515 2093 3138 2616 2065
2 2153 1119 1636 2100 3227 2664 2150
4 2319 1222 1771 2115 2998 2557 2164
6 2383 1321 1852 2192 3031 2611 2234
LSD (5%) 86.236 66.847 82.968 95.055 112.9 Ns Ns
CV (%) 5.8 8.53 10.5 6.67 5.43 8.91 27.15

Table 5: Effects of NP rate, rhizobium inoculation and lime rate on seed yield of field pea at Horro and Gedo highlands. Ns=Nonsignificant at 5% probability level.

Application rates of greater than 40 kg N ha-1 reduced nodulation of field pea [37]. At Gedo the number of nodules plant-1 was significantly reduced with applied fertilizer indicating higher doses of mineral nitrogen resulted in nodule reduction. El Behidi [38] reported high rates of available soil nitrogen reduced nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation since plants did not require symbiosis with nodule bacteria. Mean seed yield of field was significantly increased with increased applied rates of NP fertilizers at Horro and Gedo highlands and combined over location (Table 5). Nygren et al. [39] found that both yield elements were increased by nitrogen fertilization. Sosulski and Buchan [40] also found that N fertilizer increased seed yield in field pea. Asserting the already recommended fertilizer rate for field pea production and look for economically feasible fertilizer rate for field pea production for the area was required.

Effects of rhizobium inoculation

Application of rhizobium inoculation significantly affected mean number of nodule plant-1 of field pea at Gedo and combined over location; mean seed yield in 2007 at Gedo but non-significantly affected all other considered parameters of field pea (Tables 3-5). Higher nodule number plant-1 was recorded from inoculated seed of field pea as compared to untreated (Table 3) indicting use of rhizobium strains improved nodule formation and N2-fixation of field pea at Horro and Gedo highlands.

Maximum N2-fixation in a legume requires that the legume be adequately nodulated [41]. Applied rhizobium inoculum did not give higher mean seed yield of field pea as compared to without rhizobium at Horro and Gedo highlands. Almost all mean seed yields of field pea were lower with rhizobium applied as compared to untreated seeds (Table 5).

This might be attributed to availability local adapted strains in the soil since field pea is produced in area for five decades or low adaptability and competitiveness of inoculated strains in the soil. Besides accessibility soil N in the soil helps performance of bacteria for luxury life rather than biological N2-fixation.

McKenzie et al. [42] found that rhizobium inoculation of field pea increased yield on land with no history of legumes, and yield was increased on an average of 19%. Non-responsive to added inoculant were due to the presence of indigenous rhizobia [43]. It is also possible that the existing population of rhizobium in the soils of Horro and Gedo highlands was maintained to a sufficient level through yearly or continuous cultivation of field peas.

Effects of lime rate

Number of nodule plant-1 at Gedo and combined over location and mean seed yield of field pea were significantly affected by application of lime rate (Tables 3 and 5). Higher mean number of nodule plant-1 of field pea was harvested from untreated field with lime as compared to limed fields (Table 3). This might be due to tolerance the rhizobium strains to the acidity levels in the soil. In addition, the acidity of the soil is in medium to weak acidity range which might favor symbiosis of rhizobium strains with field pea in the area. Application of lime gave significantly better mean seed yield of field pea at Horro, Gedo and combined over locations (Table 5). Significantly higher mean seed yield of field pea was produced with increased lime application. Liming increased the grain yield of field pea by 22% in conventional tillage and by18% in non-tillage system [44]. Buerkert et al. [45] reported lime application resulted in a yield increase of 76 to 313% above unlimed controls across locations. At both locations better, mean seed yield of field pea was recorded at higher rate of lime treated fields. Liming of acidic soils can improve yield substantially [46,47]. This indicates use of lime gradually improves the yield of field pea at Horro and Gedo highlands. Therefore, increasing rate of lime application with rhizobium inoculation and NP fertilizer rate significantly improved field pea production at Horro and Gedo highlands.

Interaction effects

Interaction of NP fertilizer with rhizobium inoculation significantly affected combined mean seed yield of field pea (Table 6).

NP (kg)+RI (g 1 kg Seed)+Lime Rate (t) ha-1

Seed Yield kg ha-1

Horro Gedo Combined Mean
2007 2008 Mean 2007 2008 Mean  
75-0-0 1572 973 1273 1951 2900 2426 1849
75-0-2 1970 847 1408 1998 3329 2663 2036
75-0-4 2089 1269 1679 1950 3233 2592 2135
75-0-6 2244 1097 1671 2389 3451 2920 2295
75-10-0 1786 869 1327 1831 3101 2466 1897
75-10-2 2323 888 1605 2023 3090 2556 2081
75-10-4 2575 1020 1797 1858 3173 2515 2156
75-10-6 2156 1221 1687 2144 3097 2620 2154
100-0-0 2362 941 1651 1813 3215 2514 2083
100-0-2 2114 1331 1722 2259 3310 2785 2253
100-0-4 2719 1283 2001 2351 2584 2468 2234
100-0-6 2710 1343 2026 2073 3012 2542 2284
100-10-0 2083 884 1484 2603 3076 2839 2161
100-10-2 1698 1024 1361 1722 3357 2539 1950
100-10-4 2284 1344 1814 1980 3257 2618 2215
100-10-6 2249 1073 1661 2311 2783 2547 2104
125-0-0 1925 973 1449 2090 3094 2592 2021
125-0-2 2204 1269 1736 2299 3073 2686 2211
125-0-4 2047 1105 1576 2610 3011 2810 2193
125-0-6 2681 1632 2156 2349 3158 2753 2455
125-10-0 2349 1460 1904 2271 3444 2857 2381
125-10-2 2609 1353 1981 2302 3203 2753 2409
125-10-4 2203 1310 1756 1940 2731 2336 2046
125-10-6 2262 1559 1910 1885 2685 2285 2097
LSD (5 %) 211.2 163.7 203.2 232.8 276.6 266.8 Ns
CV (%) 5.8 8.53 10.5 6.67 5.43 8.93 27.15

Table 6: Effects of NP rate, rhizobium inoculation and lime rate on seed yield field pea at Horro and Gedo combined over location and year. Ns=non-significant at 5% probability level, NP=diammonium phosphate, RI=rhizobium strain inoculation (EAL-110).

At Horro higher mean seed yield of field pea was produced by interaction of applied 125 kg NP ha-1 and 6 t lime ha-1 followed by 100 kg NP ha-1 and 6 t lime ha-1 applied field (Table 6). At Gedo significantly, higher mean seed yield of field was recorded from interaction of 125 kg NP ha-1 and rhizobium inoculation followed by 100 kg NP ha-1 and rhizobium inoculation (Table 6).

Higher seed yield of field pea was obtained from combined application of rhizobium inoculation with NP fertilizer. Similarly, Mishra et al. [48] reported combined use rhizobium inoculation with recommended fertilizer rate significantly increased mean seed yield of field pea. Rhizobium inoculation to field pea was more important at Gedo highlands as compared to Horro highlands. This might be attributed to long-term production field pea at Horro highlands and presence indigenous strains of rhizobium in the area. Application of lime for field production was more important in Horro highlands as compared to Gedo highlands. Horro highlands are more acidic than Gedo highlands. Mesfine [15] soil acidity increases from central highlands to western Ethiopia. Therefore, considering integrated use of 23/25 kg NP ha-1 with lime for field pea production in Horro highlands and with rhizobium in Gedo highlands was recommended since lime mobilize fixed P in Horro highlands.

Conclusion

Application of NP fertilizer significantly affected mean seed yield of field pea at both locations separately indicating both locations are different. Rhizobium inoculation non-significantly affected mean seed yield of field pea showing the existence of effective local rhizobium strains in the area. Mean seed yield of field pea was significantly increased by applied lime rate. Higher combined mean seed yield of field pea was obtained from 6 t lime ha-1. Therefore, application of 23/25 kg NP ha-1, with rhizobium inoculation and without application of lime at Gedo; and application of 23/25 kg NP ha-1, without rhizobium inoculation and application of lime 6 t lime ha-1 for Horro highland were recommended for field pea to get economically profitable and agronomically higher yield. Considering of the existing population of rhizobium in the soils of Horro and Gedo highlands was very important before designing inoculation faba bean seed for production.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

The authors thank Oromia Agricultural Research Institute for funding the experiment. All the technical and field assistants of Agronomy and Crop Physiology division are also acknowledged for unreserved effort during executing the experiment.

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Citation: Abera T, Abebe Z (2018) Effects of Fertilizer, Rhizobium Inoculation and Lime Rate on Growth and Yields Field Pea in Horro and Gedo Highlands. Adv Crop Sci Tech 6: 397. DOI: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000397

Copyright: © 2018 Abera T, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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