Diagnostic Pathology: Open Access
Open Access

Geophagy is a disorder of eating behavior defined by an irresistible urge to ingest soil or clay, its prevalence in children is unknown, it is often associated with mental retardation. It can be the cause of serious surgical complications [1,2]. The aim of this work is to discuss a rare case of intestinal obstruction due to geophagy as well as to illustrate the role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of this condition.

A 5-year-old child presented in the emergency unit complaining from painful abdomen and bile stained vomiting during 24 h. Clinical examination revealed fever of 38°, a distended and tender abdomen, and rectal examination feels hard stools. The grandmother alone that day did not provide us with additional elements to explain the individualized aspect on the upright abdominal radiograph (Figure 1), which it showed a significant gastric and intestinal distension with a granite-like content covering the entire digestive tract with some airfluid levels, confirming with the result of the clinical examination the diagnosis of bowel obstruction.

Figure 1: Plain X-ray of the abdomen showing an important gastric and intestinal distension with granite-like content.

The urgent clinical condition of the patient and the patterns of acute abdomen prompted the emergent laparotomy to be carried on. In exploratory laparotomy intraperitoneal cavity and intestinal lumen were full of soil and sludge associated to a sigmoid perforation (Figure 2). The resumption of history taking with the mother, revealed a notion of geophagy in the child, and finally the diagnosis was bowel obstruction on geophagy.

Figure 2: Intraoperative view showing gastric and intestinal sludge.

Geophagia is an eating disorder defined by an irresistible urge to ingest soil or clay [1]. This cosmopolitan practice has always challenged the medical world. It is of particular concern to pediatricians and obstetricians. It was reported as early as 40 B.C. in children and pregnant women, reported in medical books since 1563 and frequently observed in the southern United States in the 1800s [2].

The prevalence of a practice that was as stigmatized as geophagy is hardly appreciable. We do not have an epidemiological study in the general population, but only estimates in pregnant women, young children or patients with psychiatric disorders.

The numbers are very different on small samples from at risk populations: 80% of geophages among 406 children attending school in Zambia, 27% among 270 pregnant women in Iran, 70% among iron deficient in Kenya, 21% of pica in adults with psychiatric disorders [3-5].

Apart from the ingestion of metal ions whose toxicity poses real public health problems, the possibility of infection with serious parasitic and microbial agents, a deficiency of iron which occurs at medium term, and severe mechanical complications of geophagy were reported [3,6,7]. They occur when the quantities ingested exceed the capacity of hydration of the digestive tract [8]. They go from major constipation, to bowel obstruction and even digestive perforation as in the reported case.

Some cases of bowel obstruction secondary to geophagy in children were reported in the literature, age limits ranged from 5 years (our study) to 14 years for the3 study conducted by D.Yé, the majority of patients were male [9-13].

This disorder may be associated with mental retardation which was reported in many studies, including ours where psychomotor retardation is found [9,12,13]. Clinically, abdominal pain and vomiting were the most frequently encountered signs, the clinical examination in our patient found a distended and tender abdomen, digital rectal examination found a fingerstall soiled with sand, this clinical features are similar to that found in the cases reported by D.Yé [12] and J. Gulia [13].

The abdominal plain X-ray in our patient found a significant gastric distension with individualization of a granite-like content throughout the digestive tract which reflects the massive amount ingested by our patient (Figure 1). According to R. Clayton, complete opacification of the entire digestive tract is a rare occurrence and would not pose a diagnostic problem [14]. The amount of sand ingested on average is much smaller than that found in our patient. Radiological signs can easily be missed if they are not specifically sought. The chances of detection of soil in the stomach are higher if early pictures are made.

IN the small intestine the sand is much less visible because of its dilution by the large volume of intestinal fluid. Optimal opacification occurs in the colon because of the high absorption of water at this level. The contrast can be significantly improved by using low penetration films due to the high average absorption coefficient of the clay [15]. The detection of opaque foreign bodies in the digestive tract, although a good diagnostic criterion in the immediate, does not provide a reliable clue as to the habit of geophagy or the chronicity of the condition.

Different non-invasive treatments were reported in the literature based primarily on manual extraction, enemas, and laxatives that give good results in general, but failure should suggest surgical treatment [13,14]. Occurrence of geophagy occlusion in children should always discuss other underlying causes [10]. The ileocecal topography may be related to the existence of an ileocecal valve which narrows this area, and impede colic progression. Ulceration and necrosis may still occur, thus life threatening the patient and indicating emergency surgery. Conservative treatment is possible, but surgery remains the prerogative of complicated forms.

Geophagy is a rare but serious cause of bowel obstruction, awareness of this problem is essential for early diagnosis and effective management. The diagnosis is based on clinical and abdominal plain X-ray.

The authors declare no competing interest.

• Ayoub El Hajjami: Junior Radiologist, main author

• Dounia basraoui: Senior Radiologist

• Mohamed ouledSaiad: Surgeon

• Hicham Jalal: Senior Radiologist