Dersleri yüzünden oldukça stresli bir ruh haline sikiş hikayeleri bürünüp özel matematik dersinden önce rahatlayabilmek için amatör pornolar kendisini yatak odasına kapatan genç adam telefonundan porno resimleri açtığı porno filmini keyifle seyir ederek yatağını mobil porno okşar ruh dinlendirici olduğunu iddia ettikleri özel sex resim bir masaj salonunda çalışan genç masör hem sağlık hem de huzur sikiş için gelip masaj yaptıracak olan kadını gördüğünde porn nutku tutulur tüm gün boyu seksi lezbiyenleri sikiş dikizleyerek onları en savunmasız anlarında fotoğraflayan azılı erkek lavaboya geçerek fotoğraflara bakıp koca yarağını keyifle okşamaya başlar
Reach Us +443308186230

GET THE APP

Advances in Crop Science and Technology - Performance Evaluation and Adaptation Trial of Tef Genotypes for Moisture Stress Areas of Borana, Southern Oromia
ISSN: 2329-8863

Advances in Crop Science and Technology
Open Access

Our Group organises 3000+ Global Conferenceseries Events every year across USA, Europe & Asia with support from 1000 more scientific Societies and Publishes 700+ Open Access Journals which contains over 50000 eminent personalities, reputed scientists as editorial board members.

Open Access Journals gaining more Readers and Citations
700 Journals and 15,000,000 Readers Each Journal is getting 25,000+ Readers

This Readership is 10 times more when compared to other Subscription Journals (Source: Google Analytics)

Performance Evaluation and Adaptation Trial of Tef Genotypes for Moisture Stress Areas of Borana, Southern Oromia

Natol Bakala*, Tolessa Taye and Belda Idao
Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia
*Corresponding Author: Natol Bakala, Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia, Tel: +251917850017, Fax: +251464460663, Email: natymartyko@gmail.com

Received: 25-Apr-2018 / Accepted Date: 12-May-2018 / Published Date: 19-May-2018 DOI: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000363

Abstract

Tef is one of the most important staple food crop cultivated throughout the country. Nine tef varieties were brought from Debre Zeit Agricultural Research center and planted with one local check in randomized complete block design (RCBD) at yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agricultural Research Center main site for three consecutive years. The result of analysis revealed significant differences among genotypes in grain yield and biomass for all year under study. Tsedey was performed than other genotypes in 2011 cropping season in which low rainfall was recorded for the study area. Magna was performing well in study area relative to other genotypes in all cropping seasons except 2011 cropping season.

Keywords: Adaptation; Genotype; Local check; Moisture stress

Introduction

Tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) (2n =4x =40) classified under poaceae family and Eragrostis genus. Tef is an annual cereal crop most poaceae family and Eragrostis genus. Tef is an annual cereal crop most widely grown over broad environmental conditions. Its owes its center of origin and diversity in Ethiopia and is widely cultivated throughout the country as a staple food crop [1]. The harvested caryopsis is chiefly used for preparing "injera" (a flat, circular and very soft bread), porridge, and sometimes alcoholic drinks. The bread made of tef flour, "injera", is the mainstay of the Ethiopian diet [2-4]. The nutrient composition of tef grain has high potential to be used in foods and beverages worldwide [5]. Tef annually occupies over 29% of the entire field and contributes approximately 19.33% of the gross grain output of all cereals in Ethiopia [6]. The production area of tef is increasing in extraordinary scale due to increased market demand, higher nutritional value, low incidence of damage by insects, better adaptation to drought and high value of straw [3].

The performance of one genotype differ significantly from environment to environment [7]. Tef performs in different environments differently. Genetically, tef is adaptable to a wide range of environmental conditions and even under unfavorable environmental condition. It can be grown at altitudes ranging from near sea level to 3000 mas, but it performs well between 1100 and 2950 masl [2]. Despite its versatility in adjusting to different environmental conditions, the productivity of tef in Ethiopia is very depressed with the national average standing at 1.5 t/ha [8]. In moisture stress areas of southern Oromia is lower than the average grain yield, which may be due to lack of improved varieties, non-adoption of improved technologies, disease and pests are some of the most serious production constraints. Currently different varieties of tef have been released from the regional and Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institutes [9]. Even though some varieties of tef have been released in Ethiopia, most of them were not evaluated around moisture stress areas of southern Oromia. So, the following experiment is objected to evaluate and recommend best performed tef genotypes with better performance and adaptability for the tef growers of moisture stress areas of Southern Oromia.

Materials And Methods

Description of study area

The experiment was conducted at Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agricultural Research Center on station for three consecutive main cropping seasons from 2010 and 2012. Yabello is found 563 km from Addis Ababa to southern direction. Yabello is situated at 04°52'49'' and 038°08'55'' latitude and longitude, respectively, at an altitude of 1635 masl. The soil of study area is characterized by well-drained sandy loam (46% sand, 36% silt and 18% clay), with a pH of 7.03. It has 0.026% total nitrogen, 15.36 ppm Phosphorus and 20.4 meq of/100 gm soil CEC. The total annual rainfall in 2010, 2011 and 2012 was 1019.1 mm, 851.6 mm and 719.0 mm respectively (Figure 1). The average temperature in 2010, 2011 and 2012 was 21.5°C, 19.3°C and 20.6°C respectively (Figure 2). The most commonly cultivated crops in its surrounding areas are maize (Zea mays L.), haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), tef (Eragrostis tef L.) and wheat (Triticum aesvivum L.). Maize and haricot bean are the predominant crops and staple food crops in Borana.

advances-crop-science-technology-distribution

Figure 1: Rainfall distribution of Yabello from 2010 to 2012.

advances-crop-science-technology-temperature

Figure 2: Average temperature of Yabello from 2010 to 2012.

Experimental materials and design

Nine improved tef varieties were brought from Debre Zeit Agricultural research center (Table 1). A total of ten varieties, including local check were planted in a RCBD with three replications at Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agricultural Research Center main site from 2010 to 2012 cropping seasons. Each variety was planted in plot area of 12 m2 on plot size of 3 m height and 4 m width and sown in hand broadcast method. All agronomic practices were equally performed for all treatments as per recommendation.

Varieties Year of Release Area of Adaptation Maturity date Yield (t/ha) Seed color
Altitude (masl) Rainfall (mm)   On Research Site On Farmers Field  
Dz-01-196 (Manga) 1978 1800-2500 600-1200 600-1200 18-22 14-16 Pale white
Dz-cr-37 (Tsedey) 1984 1800-2700 500-1200 500-1200 18-28 14-19 White
Dz-01-1281 (Gerado) 2002 1450-1850 600-900 600-900 22 Oct-17 White
Dz-01-1681(Key Tena) 2002 1600-1900 300-500 300-500 25 16-19 Dark brown
Ajora-1 2004 1600-2200 na na 18 11 na
(DZ-01-146) (Genete) 2005 na na na na na White
Dz-01-1821 (Zobel) 2005 na na na na na White
Dz-cr-387 (Gemechis) 2007 na na na na na na
Dz-cr-385 (Simada) 2009 Low to mid 300-700 300-700 16 10 white

Table 1: Lists and descriptions of experimental materials. na=not available.

Collected data

• Days to flowering: the number of days from 50% of the plots showing seedling emergence up to 50% of the plants in the plot flower.

• Days to maturity: the number of days from 50% of the plots showing seedling emergence up to 50% of the plants in the plot reaching phonological maturity stage (as evidenced by eye-ball judgment of the plant stands when the color is changed from green to color of straw)

• Plant height (cm): measured as the distance from the base of the stem of the main tiller to the tip of the panicle at maturity

• Panicle length (cm): the length from the node where the first panicle branch starts up to the tip of the main panicle at maturity

• Number of fertile tillers per plant: the number of panicle-bearing (fertile) tillers produced per plant

• Total biomass (g): the weight of all the harvestable area including tillers harvested at the level of the ground.

• Grain yield (g): the weight of grain yield for all the harvestable area of plot.

Source: Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agricultural Research Center meteorology station.

Harvest Index (HI): the value computed as the ratio of grain yield to the total (grain plus straw) biomass multiplied by 100.

Data analysis

The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) as suggested by using SAS Software (Version 9.0) [10]. Mean separation was carried out using least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5 percent level of significance.

Results and Discussion

Performance of genotypes

Analysis of variance showed a significant difference among tef genotypes at (p<0.05), for days to maturity, biomass and grain yield for all cropping seasons (Table 2). Fentie et al. [11] and Yasin and Agedew [12] also reported considerable variation in the days to maturity, plant height and spike length and grain yield of different Tef varieties when planted over years.

Varieties 2010 cropping season
Df (days) Dm (days) PT (no) PL (cm) PH (cm) Bm (t/ha) Yld (t/ha) HI
Gerado 43.67b 91.00a 3.00a-c 35.80b 91.13ab  6.33bc  1.54bc 0.20ab
Gemechis 44b 90.67a 2.67b-d 35.80b 93.40ab 5.58bc 1.40c 0.20ab
Ajora-1 41.00b 95.00a 2.67b-d 36.20b 95.60ab 6.00bc 1.55bc 0.21ab
Local (check) 50a 95.67a 3.00a-c 36.13b 99.20a 8.50ab 1.79ab 0.18ab
Genete 43.67b 95.33a 1.67d 38.13b 95.80ab 7.83ab 1.50bc 0.17b
Zobel 43.33b 91.67a 2.00cd 36.67b 86.47ab 8.42ab 1.64bc 0.16b
Manga 43.33b 94.67a 4.00a 44.67a 99.80a 9.67a 2.03a 0.21ab
Tsedey 42.33b 79.00b 3.67ab 37.13b 97.33ab 7.75ab 1.79ab 0.23a
Key Tena 42.33b  95.00a 2.67b-d 36.87b 97.13ab 4.50c 0.89d 0.16b
Simada 40.67b 94.33a 3.00a-c 32.07b 82.60b 5.90bc  1.77ab 0.23a
LSD 5.51 ns 8.78* 1.28* 6.48ns 15.78* 2.96* 0.34*** 0.06ns
CV 18.23 8.95 9.68 10.22 9.80 24.50 10.2 17.13
 

2011 cropping season

Gerado 34.33ab 83.67c 2.00bc 20.27a 52.53d 4.03bc 1.15b-d 0.22b
Gemechis 31.67b 79.00d 1.67b-d 21.27a 59.80bc 3.93bc 1.05d 0.21bc
Ajora-1 35.67a 83.00c 2.33ab 23.20a 58.40c 3.13de 1.13cd 0.27a
Local (check) 35.00a 95.33a 1.00d 23.60a 63.27ab 5.07a 0.76ef 0.13d
Genete 31.67b 90.00b 3.00a 22.40a 56.23cd 4.33b 1.28ab 0.20bc
Zobel 35.00a 82.33c 2.00bc 20.73a 5767c 2.60e 0.68fg 0.21bc
Manga 33.67ab 85.00c 2.33ab 26.07a 64.40a 5.17a 1.26a-c 0.23b
Tsedey 25.33c 84.33e 1.33cd 23.93a 52.13d 3.53cd 1.34a 0.27a
Key Tena 33.00ab 78.00d 2.33ab 20.23a 60.20a-c 4.27b 0.57g 0.12d
Simada 34.00ab 83.33c 2.33ab 20.93a 57.67c 3.70b-d 0.83e 0.18c
LSD 3.30*** 2.74*** 0.80** 6.47ns 4.28*** *** 0.15*** 0.03***
CV 5.84 2.18 22.99 16.93 5.17 2.18 8.80 8.92
 

2012 cropping season

Gerado 35.00b 79.67d 1.67ab 27.73de 63.80ab 3.08c 1.30cd 0.34ab
Gemechis 36.67b 82.67c 1.67ab 25.07ef 60.80a 3.07c 1.47ab 0.32a-c
Ajora-1 35.67b 79.98d 1.33b 31.93a-c 66.67ab 2.75c 1.38bc 0.35a
Local (check) 45.00a 90.67b 2.00ab 22.33f 68.07a 3.70c 0.94e 0.20de
Genete 35.00b 85.00c 2.33a 30.07cd 63.47ab 3.78bc 1.36bc 0.23b-e
Zobel 36.67b 88.33b 1.67ab 30.00cd 68.73a 4.92ab 1.22cd 0.21c-e
Manga 36.00b 94.00a 2.33a 34.00a 66.60ab 5.75a 1.33b-d 0.18e
Tsedey 35.00b 79.67d 1.67ab 31.00bc 81.80a 2.83c 1.57a 0.36a
Key Tena 35.00b 79.97d 2.33a 32.2a 66.60ab 2.92c 1.31b-d 0.39a
Simada 37.00b 88.67b 1.33b 33.07ab 55.67b 2.62c 1.17d 0.31a-d
LSD 2.54*** 2.78*** 0.98ns 2.98*** 11.52 ns 1.18** 0.17*** 0.12**
CV 4.04 2.17 25.45 5.83 14.56 14.48 7.47 23.67

Table 2: Mean of Phenological, yield and yield related traits of Tef genotypes evaluated at Yabello 2010 cropping season. Means with the same letter are not significantly different; ***=significant at P<0.001; **=significant at p<0.01; *=significant at p<0.05 and ns=non-significant, Df=days to flowering; Dm=days to maturity; PT=number of productive tillers; PL=pedicel length; PH=plant height; BM=biomass; Yld=grain yield; HI=harvest index; LSD=least significant difference; CV=coefficient of variance.

In days to flowering, significant difference was observed in 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons (Table 2). Early flowering was recorded for Tsedey (25.33 days) in both seasons while local check (45 days) was flowered later than all varieties. Fentie et al. Plaza-Wüthrich and Aliyi et al. [11,13,14] also reported significant difference among the tested varieties for days to flowering.

Days to maturity: Significant different was observed among genotypes in all cropping seasons in days to maturity. Tsedey (79.67 days) was matured earlier than all other varieties under study while local check (95.67) was late matured than all other varieties. In line with the current finding, Yasin and Agedew [12] observed significant different among genotypes in days to maturity.

Productive tillers: Analysis of variance showed significant difference among varieties in productive tillers in 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. Maximum number of productive tillers was recorded for Magna (4.00) followed by Tsedey (3.67) while minimum number of productive tillers was observed for local check (1.00). Similar result was reported by Aliyi et al. [14].

Panicle length: Significant differences among varieties were observed only in 2012 cropping season. The longest spike length was recorded for Magna (44.67 cm) while the lowest spike length was recorded for Key Tena (20.23 cm) (Table 2). Yasin and Agedew [12] and Aliyi et al. [14] reported significant panicle length among different tef varieties.

Plant height: Analysis of variance showed a significant difference among tef varieties under study in 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. The longest variety was Magna (99.80 cm) followed by local check (99.20 cm) while the shortest variety was Tsedey (52.13 cm) (Table 2). The longest variety is susceptible to lodging while the shortest variety is resistant to lodging. Yasin and Agedew [12] and Aliyi et al. [14] reported significant plant height among different tef varieties. In contrast to current finding, Fentie et al. [11] reported non-significant difference among tef varieties over years in plant height.

Biomass: Analysis of variance showed significant difference among varieties under study overall years (Table 2). The highest biomass was recorded for Magna (9.67 t/ha) followed by local check (8.50 t/ha). The lowest biomass was recorded for Dz-cr-385 (2.63 t/ha).

Grain yield: Significant difference were observed for tef varieties under study in grain yield (p<0.001). The highest grain yield was recorded for Magna (2.03 t/ha) followed by Local (check) and Tsedey (1.79 t/ha) in 2010 cropping season. In 2010 cropping season there was relatively highest rainfall distribution. In 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons, there was lower rainfall distribution in study area, in these seasons Tsedey yield the higher grain yield (1.34 t/ha) and (1.57 t/ha) respectively. The lowest grain yield was recorded for Key Tena (0.57 t/ha) across all locations. Fentie et al. [11]; Aliyi et al. [14] and Yasin and Agedew [12] reported significant grain yield among different tef varieties.

Harvest index: Significant difference were observed for in harvest index (p<0.05) in both 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons (Table 2). The harvest index of tef is very low compared to other cereal crops, implying that the total grain yield is very low compared to biomass or straw yield. The highest harvest index was recorded for Tsedey (23%) while the lowest harvest index was recorded for Key Tena and Dz-01-1821 (16%) (Table 2). The result indicates that, there was a positive association between grain yield and total biomass. Grain yield was harvest index and biological yield is directly correlated to each 0.56 and 0.78 respectively while biological yield is negatively correlated to harvest index (-0.01). For instance, the lowest total biomass with the corresponding high grain yield and harvest index was obtained in 2010 compared to high total biomass, but relatively low grain yield and harvest index in 2011 (Table 2).

Conclusion

Analysis of variance showed significant different for all year in biomass and grain yield. From the result different teff varieties interact to the study area differently. Based on days to maturity, Tsedey (79.67 days) was found to be the earliest maturing variety with relatively higher grain yield while local check (95.67 days) was late matured than all other varieties. Magna performed best and high yielder in good rainfall spreading season while Tsedey performed better in low rainfall spreading season. The result of the study revealed, recommendation of varieties is depending on rainfall distribution of study area. Based on rainfall forecast of national metrological agency of Ethiopia Tsedey is recommended for low rainfall distribution season (moisture stress) while Manga recommended for season relatively good rainfall distribution seasons.

Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the Oromia Agriculture Research Institute (OARI) scholarship. The author thanks Oromia Agriculture Research Institute for funding the project and the thanks extended to Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agricultural Research Center for facilitation of the fund process. The author also thanks all staffs of Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agricultural Research Center for their supports in planting, trial management and data collection.

References

  1. Vavilov NI (1951) The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants. LWW  72: 482.
  2. Hailu T, Seyfu K (2000) Production and importance of tef in Ethiopia Agriculture. Hailu Tefera, Getachew Belay and Mark Sorrels (Ends) Narrowing the Rift: Tef research and development-Proceedings of the international Tef Genetics and improvement, pp: 16-19.
  3. Ketema S (1997) Tef-Eragrostis Tef (Zucc.). Bioversity International, 12.
  4. Kebebew A, Getachew B, Hailu T, Yu JK, Sorrells ME (2009) Breeding tef: conventional and molecular approaches. In New approaches to plant breeding of orphan crops in Africa. Proceedings of an International Conference, Bern, Switzerland, 19-21 September 2007. Organizing Committee of the International Conference on New Approaches to Plant Breeding of Orphan Crops in Africa, pp: 21-41.
  5. Gebremariam MM, Zarnkow M, Becker T (2014) Teff (Eragrostis tef) as a raw material for malting, brewing and manufacturing of gluten-free foods and beverages: a review. Journal of food science and Technology 51: 2881-2895.
  6. CSA (Central Statistical Agency) (2015) Crop production forecast sample survey, 2015/16. Report on Area and Crop Production forecast for Major Crops (for private Peasant Holdings ’Meher’ season). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  7. Haldane JB (1946) The interaction of nature and nurture. Annals of Human Genetics 13: 197-205.
  8. CSA (Central Statistical Agency) (2014) Crop production forecast sample survey, 2014/15. Report on Area and Crop Production forecast for Major Crops (for private Peasant Holdings ’Meher’ season). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  9. Kebebew A, Solomon Ch, Gizaw M (2013). Conventional and Molecular Tef Breeding, In: Kebebew Assefa, Solomon Chanyalew and Zerihun Tadele (eds.). Achievements and Prospects of Tef Improvement; Proceedings of the Second International Workshop, November 7- 9, 2011, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, pp: 33-51.
  10. Gomez A, Gomez A (1984) Statistical procedures for agricultural research. 2nd ed., Willey J and Son I, New York, USA, pp: 97-107.
  11. Fentie M, Demelash N, Jemberu T (2012). Participatory on farm performance evaluation of improved Tef (Eragrostis tef L) varieties in East Belessa, north western Ethiopia. International Research Journal of Plant Science 3: 137-140.
  12. Yasin G Agedew B (2017) Adaptability Evaluation and Selection of Improved Tef Varieties in Growing Areas of Southern Ethiopia. Hydrol Current Res 8: 2157-7587.
  13. Plaza S, Cannarozzi GM, Tadele Z (2013) Genetic and phenotypic diversity in selected genotypes of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)] Trotter. African Journal of Agricultural Research 8: 1041-1049.
  14. Aliyi K, Obsa Ch, Siyoum A, Yeared T (2016) Adaptability Study of Tef Varieties at Mid Land Agro-ecologies of Guji Zone, Southern Oromia. Journal of Natural Sciences Research 6: 124-126.

Citation: Bakala N, Taye T, Idao B (2018) Performance Evaluation and Adaptation Trial of Tef Genotypes for Moisture Stress Areas of Borana, Southern Oromia. Adv Crop Sci Tech 6: 363. DOI: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000363

Copyright: © 2018 Bakala N, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Top