Journal of Powder Metallurgy & Mining
Open Access

Anthropogenic; Metallurgy; Pollution control board; Centrifugal force

Introduction

What primary variables have influenced the development of military technology, from primitive sharpened stone projectiles in the paleolithic to weapons of mass destruction in the modern era? Many have suggested that the development of military technologies is but one facet of a much larger pattern of technical progress driven by growing scale and interconnection among human nations. Contrarily, some cultural evolutionary theories focus on military technologies as a special case, contending that rapid advancements in both offensive and defensive technological capabilities, along with corresponding tactical and organizational innovations, led to "Military Revolutions" (note the plural), which in turn had significant effects on the rise and, of particular concern here, the spread of state formations globally and the evolution of religion and other cultural phenomena. However, little is known about the evolutionary processes that underlie general technology innovation, adoption, and transmission, particularly in preindustrial societies. Furthermore, existing ideas have been supported by data that has been deployed in ways that are prone to selection bias and has a restricted geographic breadth and chronological depth [3]. Here, we investigate a number of variables that prior research suggests may have contributed to the development of military technologies by methodically measuring their influence throughout thousands of years of global history.

Two objectives are related in this article. Establishing broad spatiotemporal trends in the development of military technologies in preindustrial societies is the first step. By technological evolution, we mean the dynamics of acceptance (and potential loss) of technologies employed on a large scale by societies, not just whether those technologies were known or not. This is true regardless of how those cultures came to possess those technologies (indigenous innovation or adoption from another culture). Focusing primarily on military technologies in pre-industrial societies has numerous practical advantages for individuals interested in the study of technical evolution in general. One of the most involved human social activities, warfare has left a huge archaeological and historical legacy.

The second objective is to investigate the reasons behind the development or use of these significant military technologies at the times, locations, and technical combinations that we see in the historical and archaeological record. There are a number of theoretical hypotheses concerning the primary causes of technical innovation that we examine. Our methodology will demonstrate how the pattern of military technical progress varies greatly over time and place, with some regions taking the lead in innovation at various points in history [4].

Method and Materials

Lack of research on pollution control in Tamilnadu's iron foundries and pollution control in India

India is one of the countries where efforts are being made to control pollution from steel mills. Pressure from the Indian government to tackle pollution through industrial growth is also driving her increasing use of PCD in steel mills of various foundry groups in other parts of India. At the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, the Indian government began enacting legislation to combat environmental pollution from rapid industrialization. One of these is the Air (Pollution Prevention and Control) Act 1981 [5]. Later, the Government of India established the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to promote environmental protection standards. Oversight of environmental protection measures is entrusted to bodies controlled by state governments in India. These agencies are known in India as the National Pollution Control Agency. These institutions are known as the Indian states in which they operate. For example, in Tamil Nadu, India, this agency is known as the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TSPCB). In addition to monitoring the implementation of environmental protection measures, TSPCB also participates in the preparation of pollution reports prepared by various industrial sectors [6]. A notable observation made while reviewing the literature reported in the previous section is that investigations are still underway to control pollution caused by foundries in Tamil Nadu, India. Investigated atmospheric heavy metal content in the Coimbatore district of India, but did not conduct an exclusive study on the use of PCD in steel mills in the same state. As part of conducting a literature review to draw these conclusions, the use of PCD in foundries in Tamil Nadu was investigated.

PCDS employed and their impact in the iron foundries of Coimbatore

The investigation that is described here was carried out in two stages. PCDs utilised in Tamilnadu foundries were the subject of the initial research. It was chosen to choose a sample foundry that would accurately represent the situation in Tamilnadu foundry facilities with relation to decontamination aspects in order to perform this study. Finding the region that is significantly contaminated with tiny particles less than 1 mm was important in order to select the foundries in Tamilnadu to gather pertinent data. Only 25 iron foundries were discovered, which meets the next set of requirements. The metals can be melted in an induction or dome furnace at the iron foundry unit. (This criterion was chosen because the majority of foundries in India melt metals in dome or induction furnaces.) ii) The iron foundries can adhere to the TSPCB's auditing standards and can monitor the pollution they produce. (This criterion was selected since it would be very authentic to get information from the files supplied to the TSPCB.) iii) A PCD must be placed in the iron foundry to regulate the release of pollutants. (This criterion was used to investigate the effects of PCD use on pollution management in iron foundries [7].

Using the aforementioned criteria, the two specialists located 24 iron foundries in Tamilnadu. Despite the fact that a foundry is not in Tamilnadu, the first author opted to include it on this list. This foundry was chosen for the list because it uses a reasonably recent PCD termed a cartridge filter and is run under scientific management. This thorough selection allowed us to acquire meaningful and verifiable data on the use of PCDs in these 25 iron foundries. Approximately 1500 iron foundries in Tamilnadu were represented by these statistics. To gather pertinent information on the use of PCDs in this regard, a datasheet has been created. The information in this sheet was completed by speaking with the managers of these iron foundries [4–9]. By interviewing these officials, information about the rejection rate, the GPS, and the pollutants both before and after the implementation of the PCDs was entered into this page. These operators referred to pollution data that was periodically submitted by external pollution control organizations like the TSPCB to deliver the information [8].

Results and Discussion

PCDs installed in 4 of the 25 foundries were not in good condition. For example, data was collected on PCD being used effectively in 21 steel mills. In addition, some data could not be collected for these 21 steelworks. For example, on the Iron Foundry 4, drop rates were not available prior to installing the wet plug manifold. As this table shows, 1 dome is used in 10 foundries [9]. The remaining 11 steel mills use induction furnaces. PCDs used in cast iron mills with cupolas include energy efficient scrubbers such as cyclones, wet venturi scrubbers, spray towers, or wet cap and dry cap collectors. PCDs installed in steel mill induction furnaces include wet scrubbers, venturi wet scrubbers, bag filters and cartridge filters. An interesting observation is that no researchers have ever treated cartridge filters as PCDs used in steel mills. Cartridge filter not found. The impact of PCD used in steel mills in Tamil Nadu is discussed in detail in the following subsections [10].

Cyclone impact

A cyclone is installed at Steel Mill 1. A cyclone is a device used to filter particles ranging from 1 to 1000 microns in diameter from a gas or liquid stream. Centrifugal force causes the solid particles to hit the outer wall of the cyclone. After falling, they are collected and separated in the separation chamber. SPM concentration was reduced from 300 mg/Nm3 to 67 mg/Nm3 when the cyclone was used in the steel mill. Cyclones were clearly the preferred PCD to be installed in the dome to reduce contamination.

Effects of wet scrubbers

Wet scrubbers are installed in He 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 foundries. Wet scrubber is a term used to describe the breed. A device that uses liquids to remove contaminants. In wet scrubbers, a contaminated gas stream contacts the scrubbing liquid [11]. Particles in the contaminated gas stream are collected by droplets. This phenomenon is achieved by the particles dissolving or being absorbed into the liquid. Droplets in the flue gas must be separated from the clean exhaust gas stream using a so-called droplet separator.

Most foundries use wet scrubbers. Wet scrubbers are very effective at removing particles and gases. During the investigation reported here, three foundries equipped with Venturi wet scrubbers and eight foundries equipped with various types of conventional wet scrubbers were observed. Interestingly, the iron-17 and iron-20 foundries achieved significant reductions in particulate emission concentrations. SPM concentrations were 52, 51, 50, 51, 55 and 50 mg/Nm3 in the Iron 13 foundry, the Iron 14 foundry, the Iron 15 foundry, the Iron 16 foundry, the Iron 18 foundry, and the Iron 19 foundry. These values indicate a reduced particle emission size of only 50 mg/nm after installing wet scrubbers [12].

Effect of cartridge filter

Cartridge filters are installed at Foundry 21, as shown in Table 2. Interestingly, the use of cartridge filters to combat fouling in steel mills has not yet been addressed by researchers. This is evident from the lack of papers showing that cartridge filters are installed in foundries. An Iron Foundry 21 cartridge filter with an induction furnace reduced SPM concentrations to less than 20 mg/Nm3. This is the greatest reduction in his SPM concentration achieved compared to that achieved with other his PCDs described in the previous subsection.

The published literature and field research to date have revealed two facts. According to the first fact, the concentration of pollutants caused by an induction furnace is lower than that caused by a cupola. The second fact is that among all PCDs, cartridge filters are the most effective in controlling fouling from steel mills. The design, operation, and performance of induction furnaces are well documented, but cartridge filters are not [13].

Conclusion

The Karkinka Peat Sequence documents past metallurgical activity in South America, as the area was isolated from any anthropogenic origin until his 19th century. Based on the excellent agreement between UCC-normalized Cu, Pb, Sb, and Sn to La ratio variability, recent tracebacks, and historical data, Cu metallurgy has been established from archaeological evidence and the NSA concluded that it existed before the atmospheric release of From Hispanic Civilization to Industrial Civilization.

Acknowledgement

None

Conflict of Interest

None

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