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  • Research Article   
  • Arch Parasitol 2017, Vol 1(2): 111

Therapeutic Efficacy of Closantel Against Different Gastrointestinal Parasites in Sheep

Sivajothi S1 and Sudhakara Reddy B2*
1Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Proddatur - 516360, Andhra Pradesh, India
2Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Proddatur - 516360, Andhra Pradesh, India
*Corresponding Author: Sudhakara Reddy B, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Proddatur - 516360, Andhra Pradesh, India, Tel: 9030218657, Email: bhavanamvet@gmail.com

Received: 01-Aug-2017 / Accepted Date: 21-Aug-2017 / Published Date: 28-Aug-2017

Abstract

Small ruminants are suffered by many numbers of health issues mainly gastro intestinal parasites. These conditions can be controlled and treated with different chemotherapeutic regimens. The present study was conducted in YSR Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh in 2016. Thirty sheep were selected randomly from three different flocks and were treated with oral administration of closantel at 10 mg/kg body weight. Before treatment and 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st day of post treatment faecal samples were collected for determination of parasitic intensity by analysis of egg per gram of faeces. Therapeutic efficacy of the drug against different gastrointestinal parasites was carried out by the percentage reduction in the egg per gram levels. It was highly effective against Strongyloides spp., Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum spp., Trichuris spp., Fasciola gigantica and Paramphistome spp.. Reduction in the intensity of parasitic ova was 25.5%, 90.6%, 98.2% and 99.5% by the 1st day, 7th day, 14th day and 21st day of post treatmentrespectively. In conclusion, higher efficacy of closantel was observed against the different gastro intestinal trematodes and nematodes in the present geographical location.

Keywords: Closantel; Sheep; Gastrointestinal parasites; India

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Introduction

Overall and general health status of the small ruminants will be affected by the gastrointestinal parasitic infection in a flock. India has a population of 120 million goats and 62.5 million sheep, besides other livestock [1]. Worldwide essential information on the epidemiological studies of the parasitic diseases in the different geographical regions is essential to monitor the control of these diseases [2]. The severe economic loss because of parasitic infections in sheep might be due to mortality, enhanced susceptibility to other diseases and loss from the cost of the drugs. Among the different endoparasitic infections, haemonchosis and fascioliasis cause severe economic losses in sheep due to anaemia and liver damage respectively [3,4]. The expected annual cost due to parasitic diseases in sheep and cattle has been estimated as ten billions of dollars worldwide [5].  Due to an excessive and frequent utilization of the anthelmintics results in anthelmintic resistance in nematode populations and there is an obvious need for the development of the improved methods to control parasitic diseases. In India, several studies have been conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants at different parts of the country [6,7]. Literature availability was very limited on the therapeutic effect of closantel in the management of gastrointestinal parasitic infection in sheep in India [8]. Hence, the present study was planned with an aim to record the therapeutic efficacy of closantel against different gastrointestinal parasitic infection in sheep in YSR Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh.

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Materials and Methods

The present study was conducted from September 2015 to April 2016 in YSR district of Andhra Pradesh, India. In this study, thirty sheep (age between 6 months to 14 months, weighing from 15 to 26 kg) were selected randomly from the three different flocks which had the previous history of diarrhoea. Sheep were treated with oral administration of closantel at 10 mg/kg body weight. Faecal samples were collected from the individual sheep and processed for the different types of parasitic ova. Identification of the different types of parasitic ova was done by morphological confirmation of ova and by copra-culture. Samples were collected before therapy and 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st day of post treatment. Analysis of the faecal samples was done by the direct smear, flotation technique and eggs per gram (EPG) was done by McMaster slide technique [9]. Efficacy of the closantel was estimated by the standard formula that is reduction in faecal egg counts (%)=100 × (arithmetic mean number of eggs per gram of faeces in the before treatment)-(arithmetic mean number of eggs per gram of faeces after treatment)/(arithmetic mean number of eggs per gram of faeces in the before treatment.

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Results and Discussion

Therapeutic response to the closantel at different intervals in sheep was mentioned in Table 1 and the percentage efficacy was mentioned in Table 2. By the 7th day of therapy, uneventful reduction in the EPG was noticed in the treated group. Reduction in the intensity of parasitic ova was 25.5%, 90.6%, 98.2% and 99.5% by the 1st day, 7th day, 14th day and 21st day of post treatment. After twenty fours of therapy, 25.5% reduction in the parasitic ova was noticed in sheep and it was highest against the Haemonchus contortus (37.8%), Oesophagostomum spp. (36.6%), Trichuris spp. (36.2%) parasites. 90.6% of the reduction in EPG levels was noticed after the seven days of therapy and it was highest against Oesophagostomum spp. (95.1%) and Haemonchus contortus (93.3%) parasites. Hundred percent of the reduction in EPG levels noticed against the Strongyloides spp., Trichuris spp. and Fasciola gigantic by the twenty first day of post therapy.

Sl.No Name of the parasitic ova Before therapy (0th day) After therapy
1st day 7th day 14th day 21st day
1 Strongyloides spp. 518 422 42 2 0
2 Haemonchus contortus 524 326 35 9 1
3 Oesophagostomum spp. 492 312 24 8 2
4 Trichuris spp. 98 64 9 0 0
5 Fasciola gigantica 312 308 62 8 0
6 Paramphistome spp. 128 112 21 11 1
  Total 2072 1544 193 38 10

Table 1: Parasitic intensity before and after the therapy with closantel (EPG).

Sl.No Name of the parasitic ova After therapy
1st day 7th day 14th day 21st day
1 Strongyloides spp. 18.5 91.9 99.6 100
2 Haemonchus contortus 37.8 93.3 98.2 99.8
3 Oesophagostomum spp. 36.6 95.1 98.4 99.6
4 Trichuris spp. 36.2 90.8 100 100
5 Fasciola gigantica 1.2 80.1 97.4 100
6 Paramphistome spp. 4.7 83.6 91.4 99.2
  Total 25.5 90.6 98.2 99.5

Table 2: Efficacy of closantel against the different parasites (%).

Different types of parasitic infections including haemoprotozoans, trematodes, cestodes and nematodes cause severe economic loss to the farmers [10]. Gastrointestinal parasitism leads to lowered protein levels by the loss of protein into the gut and increased gastrointestinal tissue protein metabolism finally had the effect on meat quality. In the present study sheep with the history of diarrhoea was selected to obtain the different types of parasitic ova because, helminths considered as one of the most common causes of diarrhoea in small ruminants in India [11]. Chemotherapy is the best way to treat helminths infection, but due to the indiscriminative use of the drugs, resistance to drugs has developed and it is a major constraint for nematode control throughout the world [12]. Closantel is a salicylanilide molecule it can affect the both nematodes and trematodes. But, development of the resistance varies according to the geographical location and utilization of different dewormers in the field [13]. It is essential to record the more prevalent gastrointestinal parasites in the different geographical locations to select a therapeutic protocol [14]. Closantel will be useful to prevent economic loss caused by parasitic infections in sheep in the present geographical region.

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Conclusion

Present communication reports about the efficacy of closantel against common gastro intestinal parasites in sheep in YSR Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh. The study concludes that the closantel can be used for control and prevention of parasitic infections in sheep.

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Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interests in relation to this work.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the sheep herd owners for their cooperation and the authorities of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University for providing the facilities to carry out the work.

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References

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Citation: Sivajothi S, Sudhakara Reddy B (2017) Therapeutic Efficacy of Closantel Against Different Gastrointestinal Parasites in Sheep. Arch Parasitol 1:111.

Copyright: © 2017 Sivajothi S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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