Abstract

Abiotic stresses profoundly impact global food security, making enhanced plant tolerance critical. Research highlights diverse strategies, including ’omics’ technologies for comprehensive insights and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing for precise genetic modification. Phytohormones, MicroRNAs (miRNAs), and epigenetic mechanisms regulate plant responses at a molecular level. Beneficial Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes (PGPMs) and optimized nutrient management contribute to external resilience. Furthermore, studies detail physiological and molecular adaptations to specific challenges like salinity, heat, and oxidative stress via antioxidant systems. These integrated approaches are vital for developing robust, stress-tolerant crops to secure future agriculture.