Abstract

Disease surveillance systems are foundational to public health protection; they allow for early detection of health threats; enable rapid response to outbreaks; and support data-driven decision-making. As global health threats become increasingly complex due to emerging infectious diseases, climate change, and globalization robust surveillance mechanisms are essential for building resilience; ensuring timely, coordinated action; and minimizing health impacts. This paper explores the evolution and structure of modern disease surveillance systems; examines technological advancements such as real-time reporting, digital integration, and predictive analytics; and assesses persistent challenges including underreporting, limited interoperability, and data privacy concerns. Strengthening surveillance infrastructure through investment, innovation, and cross-sector collaboration is critical; doing so enhances preparedness, mitigates risks, and reinforces the capacity of health systems to respond to current and future public health emergencies.