Abstract

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are engineered with continuously varying properties, offering tailored performance for critical applications in aerospace, biomedical engineering, and energy. Advances in processing techniques like additive manufacturing and powder metallurgy enable precise control over microstructural gradients, leading to enhanced mechanical strength, thermal resistance, and wear characteristics. Computational modeling is essential for designing optimal gradient profiles. FGMs are vital for gas turbine components, biomedical implants, and wear-resistant parts. Emerging applications include electromagnetic shielding and energy harvesting, leveraging the unique property gradients for improved functionality. These materials represent a significant step forward in materials science, enabling solutions for extreme environments and advanced technological needs.