Abstract

Animal-related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a global threat to the health of livestock and humans and responsible for causing a variety of diseases ranging from superficial skin infections to life-threatening diseases.Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) has gained particular interest since the first findings of LA-MRSA of clonal complex CC398/sequence type (ST) 398 in pigs in 2005 in France and in the Netherlands. This paper emphasizes on livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in different animal species. Clonal complex CC398 was also identified in other animals (including dairy cattle, poultry, dogs,cats, and horses) and it became clear that LA-MRSA should be considered a zoonosis with people with occupational contact with livestock (farmers, veterinarians, and workers at abattoirs) are being most frequently exposed and often colonized. Clonal complex CC398 remains the most commonly identified type of LA-MRSA in most European countries.However, while MRSA CC398 strains have been found in livestock across the globe different strain of LA-MRSA, CC9,appears to be the prominent type in several Asian countries. A verities of secreted and cell surface-associated virulence factors can be promotes adhesion to the host extracellular matrix components, damage host cells, and fight the immune system. Genes encoding the different superantigens, adhesins, proteases, and capsule type are the virulence factors.Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA- MRSA) has mecA and mecC gene found on a large mobile genetic element called the staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) which responsible for complete resistance to nearly all beta-lactam antibiotics including semi-synthetic penicillins such as methicillin, oxacillin,or cloxacillins.