Abstract

Photosynthesis regulation is critical for plant productivity. Recent studies reveal advances in C4 pathway engineering for C3 crops and photorespiratory bypasses to boost efficiency. Key findings include novel Rubisco regulation, coordinated stomatal and mesophyll conductances, and vital chloroplast-nucleus retrograde signaling for gene expression. Additionally, research highlights the dynamic regulation of light-harvesting complexes, the roles of plant hormones (auxin, cytokinin), thioredoxin-dependent redox control, and microRNA-mediated post-transcriptional adjustments. These insights collectively deepen our understanding of photosynthetic control, offering pathways to develop more resilient and productive crops.