Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the potential benefits of caffeine intake in protecting against the development of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, we tested the effect of topical administration of caffeine on the early stages of DR in an experimental model of DR. In the cross sectional study, a total of 144 subjects with DR and 147 individuals without DR were assessed. DR was assessed by an experienced ophthalmologist. A validated food frequency questionnaire was administered. In the experimental model, a total of 20 mice were included. One drop of caffeine was randomly administered directly onto the superior corneal surface twice daily for two weeks in each eye. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic hyperglycemic condition that can affect the body’s immune response to SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to determine the relationship between diabetes mellitus and lung severity in COVID-19 patients. The results of the BRIXIA score to assess lung severity found as many as 77 subjects had a score of 11-18 with 14 people with diabetes mellitus, five people with reactive hyperglycemia.

Keywords: COVID-19; Diabetes mellitus; X-ray chest; BRIXIA score; Hyperglycemia