Abstract

Root system architecture (RSA) is critical for crop adaptation to environmental stresses like drought and nutrient scarcity. Research highlights RSA traits as key targets for genetic improvement, enhancing water uptake and nutrient use efficiency. The field integrates genetic control, molecular mechanisms, and advanced phenotyping technologies, including Artificial Intelligence (AI)- driven platforms. Computational modeling and genetic engineering, like CRISPR/Cas9, facilitate precise RSA modification for improved crop performance. Studies also explore RSA’s interaction with the soil microbiome and its role in perennial crop resilience. This work collectively drives sustainable agriculture through optimized belowground traits.