Abstract

The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria pose a significant global health threat, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs) play a crucial role in mitigating this crisis by promoting the responsible use of antimicrobial agents, optimizing treatment strategies, and reducing the selective pressure that drives resistance. Effective ASPs incorporate surveillance, infection control measures, and clinician education to improve prescribing practices and minimize unnecessary antibiotic use. Additionally, advancements in rapid diagnostic testing and the development of alternative therapeutic approaches, such as phage therapy and antimicrobial peptides, further support stewardship efforts. Despite challenges such as limited resources and compliance barriers, integrating ASPs into healthcare systems remains essential for controlling MDR bacteria. This review explores the impact, strategies, and future directions of antibiotic stewardship in combating antimicrobial resistance.