Abstract

Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is an organophosphate compound widely used as a flame retardant in various consumer products. Recent studies have suggested a potential link between TPP exposure and adverse health effects, particularly on liver function and metabolism. Furthermore, the prevalence of high-fructose, high-fat diets in modern society raises concerns about the potential synergistic effects between TPP and such dietary patterns. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of TPP exposure on liver immune and lipid metabolism in mice with or without a high-fructose, high-fat diet.