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Economic Aspects of Basmati Rice in Pakistan

Shahzadi N1*, Akhter M1, Ali M2 and Misbah R1
1Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Agriculture Department Punjab, Pakistan
2Crop Reporting Service, District Sheikhupura, Agriculture Department Punjab, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author: Shahzadi N, Maitsebri Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Agriculture Department Punjab, Pakistan, Tel: +923214514242, Email: sorriksk84@gmail.com

Received: 21-Feb-2018 / Accepted Date: 06-Apr-2018 / Published Date: 09-Apr-2018 DOI: 10.4172/2375-4338.1000192

Abstract

Agriculture, industry and commerce are the main sector on which economy of the country relies. The major cash crops of Pakistan are cotton, wheat, rice and maize. Rice is the second most important crop which makes economic prosperity of the growers/farmers as well as earns billions of rupees through its export for country. Rice played a key role in the agro-based and occupied a prominent position in agricultural economy of the country. Pakistan is the 11th largest producer and 4th largest exporter of rice. Rice accounted for 3.2% of the value added in agriculture and 0.7% of GDP in Pakistan. Two types of rice were under cultivation in Pakistan. Basmati rice was famous in the country due to its excellent cooking quality and good marketing value at national and international levels. Rice was cultivated on an area of 2.847 million hectares during the period 2014-15 showing an increase of 3.1% over last year. Production of rice during the same period was estimated at 6.9 million tons, which was 1.5% higher than last year’s production 6.7 million tons. During the same period, rice export earned foreign exchange of USD 1.848 billion. The importance of Basmati rice as well as export impacts were observed in the review.

Keywords: Rice; Basmati; Economics; Export; Pakistan

Introduction

Economy of every country depends on three sectors i.e. agriculture, industry and commerce. These three are strongly related with each other as the progress or revert of one sector effects the other two. Pakistan is an agricultural country thus agriculture outputs have much importance than any other sector. Importance of agriculture sector is manifold as it provides feeds, raw material for industry and is a base for foreign trade.

Rice is the second most important crop which makes economic prosperity of the growers/farmers as well as earns billions of rupees through its export for country. Rice plays a key role in the agro-based and occupies a prominent position in agricultural economy of the country. Pakistan is the 11th largest producer and 4th largest exporter of rice. Rice accounts for 3.2% of the value added in agriculture and 0.7% of GDP in Pakistan [1].

History of Basmati Rice

The name Basmati has been derived from the combination of two Hindi words: BAS which translates into fragrant and MATI meaning “Queen” so, collected meaning “Queen of Fragrance”. It is said that Basmati Rice was only instigate and identified in Asia for many years. This type of rice has been grown in the foothills of the Himalayas for numerous of years. Some sources indicate that the primogenital grain samples found from Mohanjodaro in Pakistan. The elite producers of Basmati Rice in Asia are India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. This extremely fragrant rice is Pakistani’s gift to the entire world. Basmati rice is full from balance nutrients and high energy caloric food. About 72-75% carbohydrate present in the form of rice starch and 7% in the form of aryznine or glutelin. It also contains about 80% protein and certain minerals like phosphorus and enzymes [2].

Yearwise Comparison of Rice in Pakistan

The area, production and yield of rice in Pakistan are given below (Table 1):

Year Area (ha*) Production (tons**) Yield (kg/ha)
2000-01 2376.6 4802.6 2021
2001-02 2114.2 3882.0 1836
2002-03 2225.2 4478.6 2013
2003-04 2460.6 4847.6 1970
2004-05 2519.4 5024.7 1994
2005-06 2621.4 5547.2 2116
2006-07 2581.2 5438.4 2107
2007-08 2515.4 5563.4 2212
2008-09 2962.5 6951.9 2347
2009-10 2883.1 6882.8 2387
2010-11 2365.3 5386.2 2277
2011-12 2571.2 6160.4 2396
2012-13 2312.0 5541.4 2397
2013-14 2760.1 6732.4 2439
2014-15 2846.9 6900.8 2424

Table 1: Area, Production and average yield of Rice for Pakistan [3]; *Area in thousand hectares; **Production in thousand tons.

Rice was cultivated on an area of 2.847 million hectares during the period 2014-15 showing an increase of 20% over last year. Production of rice during the same period was estimated at 6.9 million tons, which is 1.5% higher than last year’s production 6.7 million tons. During 2000-2001, the area, production and yield of rice increased by 20%, 44% and 20% respectively as compared to 2014-15.

Export Status of Rice from Pakistan

Pakistani fine rice well-known as Basmati is very famous in all around the world. It enjoys monopoly in the international market, due to its quality characteristics, strong aroma, taste and texture and grain elongation on cooking and the world is ready to pay a premium for this. It supports the case for the crop to be protected as Geographical Indication (GI) and exports to be enhanced. Basically basmati has traditionally been an export crop in Pakistan [4,5]. In recent periods, 60% of the total annual production of 2 million tons produce has been traded abroad and generating about 2 billion USD for the national economy. The change in basmati export from last fifteen years can be analyzed from the Table 2.

Years Basmati   Non-Basmati   Total  
Quantity (MT) Value (million USD) Quantity (MT) Value (million USD) Quantity (MT) Value (million USD)
2000-2001 347,074 170.834 1,792,224 291.2143 2,139,298 462.048
2001-2002 410,425 197.447 1,134,065 189.71 1,544,490 387.158
2002-2003 483,777 252.234 1,103,256 194.114 1,587,033 446.348
2003-2004 593,320 315.222 1,006,400 212.777 1,599,720 528
2004-2005 656,117 360.919 2,076,396 493.931 2,732,513 854.851
2005-2006 741,998 423.622 2,849,740 678.47 3,591,738 1102.093
2006-2007 771,099 474.507 2,221,236 569.863 2,992,335 1044.372
2007-2008 850,638 826.156 1,671,055 781.123 2,521,693 1607.28
2008-2009 924,358 1018.78 2,005,703 1025.745 2,930,061 2044.526
2009-2010 1,050,052 866.659 3,557,501 1399.147 4,607,553 2265.808
2010-2011 1,137,943 952.694 2,563,664 1138.453 3,701,607 2091.147
2011-2012 968,941 844.216 2,755,905 1237.022 3,724,846 2081.238
2012-2013 630,035 626.691 2,858,978 1210.894 3,489,013 1837.586
2013-2014 733,860 846.24 2,627,899 1051.579 3,361,759 1897.82
2014-2015 676,630 681.549 3,054,680 1167.152 3,731,310 1848.701

Table 2: Export of rice from Pakistan year wise [6].

The export of Basmati from Pakistan has declined by 40% in the past four years, from 1.1million tons in 2011 to 676,630 tons in 2015. As a consequence, the domestic market has been overcome by an uncontrollable excess, with an accumulated surplus of 1 million tons. This has decreased the domestic price of rice by 50%, from Rs 4500/ maund in 2012 to Rs 2200/maund in 2015. A continuous decline in the export of basmati rice is having a harmful effect on the country’s economy. It has increased country poverty with frequently terrible consequences for small farmers. Continuously down position of rice in the international market results in a low price for exports, while the domestic price of rice is high because of the high cost of production.

Major Pakistani Basmati Rice Importing Countries

The major Pakistani Basmati rice importing countries are given in the Table 3. The main basmati rice Importing countries from Pakistan in the years 2013-14 and 2014-15 are Canada, Germany, U.K, Yemen, Oman, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Belgium, USA and KSA. The statistics from the above Table 3 showed that the exports of Pakistani Basmati rice have increased in Canada, Germany, Oman, Kenya, etc. in the year 2014-15. On the other hand, exports of our Basmati rice have declined in U.A.E, Yemen, Iraq, Belgium, KSA, etc. in the same period.

S No 2013-2014 2014-2015
Country Basmati export Quantity (MT) Country Basmati export Quantity (MT)
1 UAE 159,314.95 Canada 8,910.11
2 U.K. 86,520.14 Germany 8,291.59
3 Yemen 56,227.70 U.K. 76,486.23
4 Oman 52,167.15 Oman 70,972.97
5 KSA 50,858.79 Kenya 6,613.02
6 Belgium 39,267.61 KSA 44,446.57
7 Azerbaijan 28,623.72 Mauritius 4,832.09
8 Spain 19,972.32 Iraq 4,206.95
9 USA 19,897.49 Kuwait 4,119.11
10 Qatar 19,303.69 Belgium 39,154.15
11 Italy 18,600.47 Yemen 38,892.38
12 Australia 16,725.82 Spain 32,430.96
13 Bahrain 14,758.16 Azerbaijan 30,090.20
14 France 12,894.81 Turkmanistan 3,493.26
15 Netherlands 11,607.69 Maldives 3,100.44
16 Malaysia 11,217.52 Sweden 2,937.83
17 Turkey 9,515.91 Russia 2,794.71
18 Canada 7,598.68 South Africa 2,766.62
19 Germany 7,516.69 New Zealand 2,485.28
20 Kenya 7,325.06 Lebnon 2,407.94
21 Iran 6,511.19 Iran 2,234.03
22 Sri Lanka 6,434.85 Portugal 2,100.00
23 Iraq 6,120.67 Bangladesh 2,096.30
24 Mauritius 5,949.48 Denmark 2,034.98
25 Kuwait 5,825.07 Italy 19,938.02

Table 3: Main importing countries of Pakistani Basmati rice Source [7].

Major Basmati Sowing Area in Punjab

Pakistan is famous for growing and exporting long grain Basmati rice. It is completely grown in certain parts of the Punjab [8]. The main growing areas of Basmati are Districts Gujranwala, Hafizabad, Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Narowal, Hafizabad, Nankana Sahib, Chiniot, Gujrat, Mandi Bahaudin and Kasur. It was cultivated on an area of 3.26 million acres during the period 2014-15 showing an increase of 10.7% over last year. Production of Basmati rice during the same period was estimated at 2.34 million tons, which is 13.6% higher than last year’s production 2.06 million tons. The area, production and yield of Basmati rice for the last fifteen years are given in Table 4.

Year Area* Production** Yield (kg/ha)
2000-2001 1113.7 1601 1438
2001-2002 1293.8 1913.8 1479
2002-2003 1316.8 2175.5 1652
2003-2004 1426.1 2309.2 1619
2004-2005 1466.5 2347.9 1601
2005-2006 1534.9 2641.8 1721
2006-2007 1474.2 2493.6 1691
2007-2008 1377.1 2453.1 1781
2008-2009 1548.3 2601.6 1680
2009-2010 1414 2475.4 1751
2010-2011 1333.8 2365.2 1173
2011-2012 1121 1889.1 1685
2012-2013 995.1 1758 1767
2013-2014 1172.8 2019.5 1722
2014-2015 1297.4 2303.2 1775

Table 4: Area, Production and Yield of Basmati Rice in Punjab [9]. *Area in thousand hectares; **Production in thousand tons.

Punjab is the leading rice growing province with about 61% of rice area and about 46% of total rice production of the country. In Punjab, approximately 78% of the total rice area is under Basmati varieties. During 2000-2001, the area, production and yield of rice increased by 16.5%, 44%, 23.4% respectively as compared to 2014-15.

Percentage Area under Different Rice Varieties in the Punjab from 2010-11 to 2014-15

The data in the Table 5 was provided by Directorate of Crop Reporting Services, Lahore regarding the percentage area under different rice varieties cultivated under rice crop in Punjab.

Variety 2010-2011 2011-2012  2012-2013  2013-2014 2014-2015 
  Area % Change Area % Change Area % Change Area % Change Area % Change
BASMATI                    
385 103 2.36 121 2.86 74 1.75 78 1.74 49 1.09
370     3 0.07 2 0.05 2 0.04 7 0.16
PAK6219 (KARNAL) 9 0.21 38 0.9 1 0.02 17 0.38 29 0.64
SUPER 2946 67.48 2413 56.96 2086 49.33 2291 51.25 2301 51
PS-2(KAINAT) 131 3 113 2.67 196 4.63 530 11.86 784 17.38
2000 25 0.57 15 0.35 13 0.31 9 0.2 29 0.64
SHAHEEN 2 0.05 2 0.05 1 0.02 1 0.02 2 0.04
OTHERS 80 1.83 65 1.53 86 2.03 19 0.43 5 0.11
TOTAL 3296 75.5 2770 65.39 2459 58.14 2947 65.92 3206 71.06
IRRI                    
6 218 4.99 183 4.32 147 3.48 164 3.67 147 3.26
9 86 1.97 96 2.27 141 3.33 110 2.46 99 2.19
KS-282 95 2.18 82 1.94 107 2.53 47 1.05 62 1.37
KSK133             106 2.37 95 2.11
OTHERS 52 1.19 92 2.17 124 2.93 41 0.92 20 0.44
TOTAL 451 10.33 453 10.7 519 12.27 468 10.47 423 9.37
OTHERS                    
386 415 9.51 685 16.17 870 20.57 623 13.94 437 9.69
PULMAN               0   0
SATHI               0   0
SUPER FINE 62 1.42 46 1.09 66 1.56 102 2.28 141 3.13
SUPRA 107 2.45 54 1.27 79 1.87 79 1.77 45 1
SUPREE         212 5.01 239 5.35 244 5.41
OTHERS 35 0.79 228 5.38 24 0.58 12 0.27 16 0.34
TOTAL 619 14.17 1013 23.91 1251 29.59 1055 23.61 883 19.57
G.TOTAL 4366 100 4236 100 4229 100 4470 100 4512 100

Table 5: Percentage area under different rice verities in Punjab from 2010-11 to 2014-15 [9].

During the crop year 2010-11, the variety Super Basmati is one largest that covered 67% of area cultivated under rice crop in Punjab. While in the crop year 2014-15, the most famous rice variety Super Basmati was seen covering 51% area cultivated under rice crop in the Punjab Province.

Comparison of International Rice Prices

The international prices of Pakistani basmati rice in different periods can be seen in the Table 6.

Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Price (US D/ton 471.89 515.63 677.19 1079 937.29 879.15 1060.3 1099.4 1372.2 1323.9

Table 6: International price of Pakistani Basmati rice from 2005 to 2014 [10].

The trend of international price of Pakistani basmati rice is increasing gradually due to higher demand for basmati from Iran, Saudi Arabia and West Asia is helping farmers in Pakistan get good price for their produce [11].

Reasons for Decrease in Export of Rice

Pakistani rice especially Basmati is very popular in all around the world but mixing of inferior varieties affects the quality of rice which results in loss of market and reputation. The use of poor technology for harvesting, threshing and milling results in huge quantity of broken rice and deteriorate quality. Mostly exporting companies of Pakistan are not labeling their products and selling rice without any brand name. As a result, the exporters/traders do not get good price of even high quality product. Due to availability of stocks in the importing countries, demand of rice has decreased considerably. Pakistan is selling rice in bulk quantity. Pakistani exporters are not selling rice in packing of 1 Kg, 2 Kg & 5 Kg which results in lower price. Cultivation of unapproved verities by the farmers should be discouraged because it results poor quality of the produce. Electricity shortages have also increased the cost of production because some rice mills are operating at only half their capacity, and gas shortages make the drying process longer. Power tariffs are on higher side which makes the tube-well irrigation expensive. The storage capacities for exports are in sufficient. Prices of fertilizers and pesticides are on higher side. Proper machinery is not being used by the farmers in harvesting and threshing, which results in damage to the quality of rice. Old traditional system to dry the paddy rice on open space is still in practice.

Conclusion

It was concluded from all above discussion and statistics of rice, the basmati trade has played a major role in the improvement of rural poverty as more of the area of Pakistan especially in Punjab province occupied by basmati. Unfortunately, national and international markets of our Basmati and other rice are badly affected due to country crises like high Power tariffs, shortage of gas and electricity, water shortage and high cost of production. Our farmers cannot get the good prices of their rice in the national and international market in the presence of these crises. The market crashes are also discouraged the farmers from growing basmati and this will decrease the area under rice cultivation with awful consequences for country incomes and the economy as a whole. Consequently, our rice export is facing a declining trend continuously and we are pushing back in the race of rice market. The seed production and distribution are important amongst the factors which determine the pace of agricultural development of a country/region. The production and distribution of seed is a complex process involving farmers, growers, Government agencies, research institutions and other stake holders. Use of quality seed only can enhance the productivity by 15-20%. Quality seed plays a pivotal role in boosting agricultural production both in market oriented and subsistence farming system. Seed has the unique position among various agricultural inputs because the effectiveness of all other inputs mainly depends on the potential of the seeds. Seed is a high technology product and is an innovation most readily adapted. Improving access to good quality of seed is critical requirement for sustainable agricultural growth and food security. Effective use of improved/certified seed can result in higher agricultural production and increases the net income.

References

  1. Burns J, McQuillan M, Woolfe M (2004) Survey on Basmati rice: Food Standards Agency report 47.04.
  2. Giraud G (2008) Range and limit of geographical indication scheme: The case of Basmati rice from Punjab, Pakistan. Int Food Agrib Manage Rev 11: 51-76.
  3. Giraud G, Pirzada SW (2009) Where Is Basmati Rice Coming From? A Global Trade–Related Overview. In 2009 Conference, Beijing, China (No. 51698). International Association of Agricultural Economists.
  4. Georges G (2008) Range and Limit of Geographical Indication Scheme: The case of Basmati Rice from Punjab, Pakistan. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 11 Issue 1:51-76.
  5. Calpe C (2005) International trade in rice: recent development. World Rice Research Conference 492-496.

Citation: Shahzadi N, Akhter M, Ali M, Misbah R (20018) Economic Aspects of Basmati Rice in Pakistan. J Rice Res 6: 192. DOI: 10.4172/2375-4338.1000192

Copyright: © 2018 Shahzadi N, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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