Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are transforming biodefense and pandemic response. These technologies enhance early detection, real-time surveillance, and the rapid identification of pathogens through genomic and metagenomic analysis. They facilitate the development of countermeasures and strengthen early warning systems, crucial for quick emergency responses. While facing challenges like data scarcity and the need for transparency, Artificial Intelligence (AI) also supports environmental monitoring, forensic investigations, and global health security against future biological threats. The demand for Explainable Artificial Intelligence (AI) (XAI) underscores the importance of trust and accountability in these high-stakes applications.