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Assessement Of Heavy Metals In Urban Aerosol Samples In Sebele, Botswana | 106317
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Assessement of heavy metals in urban aerosol samples in Sebele, Botswana
Joint Event on 3rd International Conference on Ecology, Ecosystem and Conservation Biology & 3rd International Conference on Microbial Ecology & Eco Systems
Sello A Likuku, Khumoetsile T Mmolawa, and Gilbert K Gaboutloeloe
Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Botswana
Bush fires and dust in the
dry winter months establish
moderately high background
levels of aerosols. Emissions
into the atmosphere by
copper mines, coal mines,
and vehicular emissions are
all possible sources of air
pollution with heavy metals.
Although there has been
assessment and monitoring
of heavy metals and their air
pollution in other countries
such as Brazil, Europe,
and America, there is little
documentation about the
concentration of heavy metals
in aerosols in Botswana.
A total of 63 Aerosol
samples were collected at
the Botswana College of
Agriculture and were analyzed
for concentrations of Al, Co,
Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn
infiltrate using a Flame Atomic
Absorption Spectrometer
(Varian SpectrAA 220 FS).
Statistical receptor models
were applied to investigate
potential sources of the
studied metals. Data exhibits
enhanced enrichments of Zn
(EFg=76), Al (EFg=14391),
Co (EFg=19), Cu (EFg=5), Pb
(EFg=3) and Ni (EFg=2), which
was attributed to contributions
from non-crustal sources,
whereas Mn and Fe (EFg < 2)
were attributed to crustal
origin, such as airborne dust.
Data were subjected to factor
analysis (FA) twice. From FA-1,
two Principal Components (PC)
were revealed. PC-1 showed
high positive loadings of Pb,
Zn, Ni, and Al, whereas PC-2
had loadings for Fe and Mn.
On the other hand, FA-2 had
three principal components.
PC-1 from FA-2 showed strong
loadings for Cu, Fe, and Mn.
FA-2 had strong loadings
of Pb, Al, and Zn, whereas
loadings for PC-3 were
comprised of Ni and Co. The
difference between loadings
of FA-1 and FA-2 suggested
possibilities of mixed origins
of the studied metals. Finally,
air mass back-trajectory
analysis showed that during
the sampling period, there
were only 5 cluster groups
that represented significantly
different transport pathways
of aerosol samples, where only
Zn and Ni mean concentrations
revealed a dependence on
the geographical origin of
aerosol samples. Results of
the analyzed concentrations
of Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni
and Zn in aerosol samples
showed that the presence of
Fe and Mn in the atmosphere
in the ambient air of Sebele
is mainly due to contributions
from lithogenic sources. Pb,
Ni, Co, Al, and Zn exist because
of anthropogenic sources,
whereas, Cu, exist because of mixed origins. Trajectory
analysis further shows that
the anthropogenic Zn and Ni
could also be present in the
air sampled due to air mass
transportation from distant
sources.
Biography
Sello A Likuku has completed his PhD at the age of 38 years from University of Edinburgh, Scotland and his Research Fellowship in 2016, under the Matsumae International Foundation from the University of Tsukuba, Japan. He is curretly acting Head of Department (Department of Basic Sciences) at the Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources and also serving as an Editor of the Botswana Journal of Agriculture and Applied Sciences. He has published 12 papers in vrarious journals.
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